Is spatial planning a sustainable approach to subsurface use?

A sustainable approach to subsurface use thereforerequires spatial planning for minimized competition and maximized synergies (ARL 2012; Gerling 2010; Bovet 2014 ).

Are thermal interactions among thermal subsurface uses a planning and exploration requirement?

To ensure the environmental and economic sustainability of an increasingly intensive geothermal use of the shallow subsurface especially in urban areas, Vienken et al. ( 2016) identified the consideration of thermal interactions among thermal subsurface uses as a planning and exploration requirement.

Where can excess energy be stored?

Converted to compressed air, hydrogen (H 2 ), synthetic methane (CH 4) or heat, excess energy can be stored inunderground salt caverns (gas) or porous geological formations (gas and heat) in the subsurface.

How can a resource efficient and environmentally sustainable thermal use of the subsurface?

Therefore, a resource efficient and environmentally sustainable thermal use of the subsurface requires theparameterization of geological and hydrological conditions connected with the site exploration as well as cost-efficient methods for long-term monitoring of the thermal application (Vienken et al. 2016 ).

Can seismic FWI and electrical resistivity tomography detect thin gas phase?

Seismic FWI, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and gravity monitoring were tested virtually on the fully parameterized, synthetic scenario.Seismic FWI and ERT were shown to be able to identify the thin (order of meters) gas phase in the storage reservoir.