How many kW does a TCES reactor have?

However, TCES reactors are also often classified at different power levels, e.g., lab-scale reactors (∼kW) [ 148, 180] and pilot-scale reactors (∼100 kW) [ 66, 181 ], while many packed-bed reactors are referred to as lab-scale reactors [ 117, 124 ]. Fig. 26. Experimental techniques for thermochemical energy storage systems at different scales.

What are the dimensions of an air ow reactor?

The reactor is rectangular with the following dimensions: height = depth = 0.8 m, width = 0.1 m. The cross-section area for the air ow is Af = 0.64 m2 (depth x height). two-dimensional model is applied, hence variation along the reactor depth are neglected.

How to increase the active surface area of a fixed bed reactor?

It was recommended to enhance the heat transfer and increase the active surface area by stirring particles [ 25 ]. Fixed bed reactors have been reported for almost all types of TCES reactive materials over a wide range of operating temperatures from 400 to 2000 °C.

What is a cylindrical packed bed reactor?

Roßkopf et al. [ 124] designed and built a lab-scale cylindrical packed bed reactor with the diameter of 54.5 mm and height of 158 mm to store thermal energy from industrial waste heat or CSP through Ca (OH) 2 /CaO reaction systems at the temperature of 400–600 °C.

What is energy balance in a high-temperature reactor?

The energy balance within the high-temperature reactors necessitates considering of the convection, conduction, radiation, and heat generation or absorption by reactions and phase changes. These coupled transfer phenomena involve complex gas-solid, particle-particle, particle-wall, and reactor-environment interactions.

What is the operating temperature of a nuclear reactor?

The nominal reactor operating temperatures range from 300 to 1500 °C, depending on the selected chemistry, reactive material, and heat sources. To evaluate their designs, the reactors are assessed in aspects of performance, cost, and durability.